The results of our recent study reveal both the vulnerability and the surprising resilience of tropical seagrass, despite the growing threats posed by climate change. Led by Fee Smulders from our group, we – an international group of 30+ scientists -investigated how seagrass responds to warming waters, nutrient pollution, and grazing by sea turtles and fish (Did you know ocean warming pushes herbivores such as sea turtles and fish into northerly areas, where they graze more heavily on seagrass?). This ecologically important ecosystem, which provides food and shelter for fish and turtles, protects our coastlines from erosion, and stores CO₂, is increasingly under pressure due to environmental changes.
We conducted year-long experiments at ten locations along the western Atlantic coast, which spans more than 20° of latitude, from the Bonaire to Bermuda. Most sites were part of TEN—the Thalassia Experimental Network—coordinated by Justin Campbell. At each site, they first created gaps in the seagrass meadows and then monitored both above- and below-ground recovery. In addition, half of the plots were enriched with excess nutrients. In this way, they studied how seagrass recovers under varying conditions.
Warming waters: opportunity or threat?
Remarkably, warming seawater was found to even promote the recovery of seagrass in some areas. “Unlike corals, seagrass seems to grow better in slightly warmer waters,” says marine ecologist Fee Smulders. “But we must be cautious with this conclusion: there is a limit. If the water becomes too warm, for instance during a heatwave, entire seagrass meadows could disappear.”
Excess nutrients: not good news
“Ocean warming is driving herbivores, such as sea turtles and fish, into more northerly areas, where they eat more seagrass. Another important pressure is that in areas where many turtles or fish graze on seagrass, additional pollution – such as fertilisers from agriculture entering the sea – can severely hinder recovery. ‘Too many nutrients promote algal growth, which smothers the seagrass,’ explains Fee Smulders. ‘We found that especially the combination of high nutrient and grazing pressure decreases seagrass resilience.”
Time for action
According to co-author Marjolijn Christianen, who is also affiliated with Wageningen University & Research, the study emphasises the importance of good water quality for the preservation of seagrass meadows. “Seagrass is of great value – for marine life, for climate solutions, and for coastal communities. If we want these ecosystems to persist in a changing climate, we must prevent them from being further burdened.”
📖 Read the full article: “Temperature Drives Seagrass Recovery Across the Western North Atlantic” By Smulders et al. (2025) in Global Change Biology here
🔗https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.70172
press release by WUR in English and Dutch (Nederlands), Linkedin post – Nature today